The Balance Between National Defence and Diplomacy with South Africa

Alberto Mudjadju"

Xenophobia in South Africa has been a recurring phenomenon over the last few decades, manifesting itself through episodes of violence, discrimination, and social exclusion against foreign citizens, particularly those from African countries. Mozambique, due to its geographical, historical, and economic proximity to South Africa, is one of the countries most affected by these episodes. Thousands of Mozambicans live and work in South Africa, making this issue not only diplomatic but also social and economic. In this context, it becomes fundamental to analyze the Mozambican government's stance towards these attacks and, above all, to reflect on the most appropriate posture to protect its citizens without compromising strategic relations. The Mozambican government has generally adopted a cautious and moderate stance towards episodes of xenophobia in South Africa. Instead of a strong and public condemnation, the response has been marked by discreet diplomatic statements and inconspicuous actions. This approach reflects a strategy of preserving bilateral relations, which are fundamental for Mozambique. South Africa is one of the country's main economic partners, a destination for Mozambican workers, and a source of investment, trade, and energy cooperation. However, this stance has been the target of internal criticism, especially from civil society and opposition parties, who believe that the government has not been firm enough in defending its citizens abroad. Analyzing the Mozambican government's actions reveals some positive aspects, but also several limitations. On the positive side, the maintenance of diplomatic stability and the continuity of strategic relations with South Africa stand out. However, these actions are often considered insufficient. The absence of a clear public condemnation conveys an image of passivity. Similarly, the lack of visible diplomatic pressure can be interpreted as a lack of commitment to defending the rights of Mozambican citizens. Another critical point is the weak performance at the regional level. Although cooperation mechanisms exist in Southern Africa, Mozambique rarely assumes a leadership position in mobilizing joint efforts to combat xenophobia. A more effective stance from the Mozambican government should be based on three fundamental pillars: firmness, protection, and cooperation. Firstly, firmness implies a clear and unequivocal condemnation of xenophobic acts. This condemnation must be public and consistent, reinforcing the country's commitment to human rights and the dignity of its citizens. Secondly, the protection of citizens must be an absolute priority. This includes strengthening consular services, creating rapid response mechanisms in crisis situations, and providing legal and social support to victims. Thirdly, regional and bilateral cooperation must be strengthened. Mozambique can play a more active role in regional organizations, promoting common policies for the protection of migrants and pressing for concrete measures against xenophobic violence. One of the greatest challenges for Mozambique is finding a balance between defending its citizens and maintaining good relations with South Africa. An excessively confrontational stance could harm important economic and political interests. On the other hand, a too passive stance compromises the credibility of the State and the trust of its citizens. Thus, the most appropriate path is an active and assertive diplomacy that combines constructive dialogue with a demand for accountability. This means that Mozambique must continue to cooperate with South Africa, but without abandoning the defense of its citizens.theNationals. To strengthen its position, the Mozambican government could adopt several concrete measures: Make public statements condemning xenophobia more frequent and visible; strengthen the capacity of embassies and consulates to assist citizens; establish emergency protocols for situations of violence; promote awareness campaigns on migrants' rights; lead regional initiatives to combat xenophobia; demand investigations and accountability for the perpetrators of attacks. These actions would allow for a more balanced and effective response, without compromising bilateral relations. Ultimately, the Mozambican government needs to evolve from a silent diplomacy to a more active and visible one, capable of responding to current challenges without compromising the country's strategic interests.

2025/12/3